[Impacto de la dependencia funcional de los pacientes mayores atendidos en los servicios de Urgencias españoles durante la primera ola pandémica de la COVID-19 sobre la mortalidad a 30, 180 y 365 días en función del diagnóstico (COVID versus no COVID).] / Impact of functional dependency of elderly patients seen in Spanish emergency departments during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality at 30, 180 and 365 days depending on the diagnosis (COVID versus non-COVID).

OBJECTIVE: Functional assessment is part of geriatric assessment. How it is performed in hospital Emergency Departments (ED) is poorly understood, let alone its prognostic value. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether baseline disability to perform basic activities of daily living (BADL) was an independent prognostic factor for death after the index visit to the ED during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and whether it had a different impact on patients with and without diagnosis of COVID-19. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of the EDEN-Covid (Emergency Department and Elder Needs during COVID) cohort was carried out, consisting of all patients aged ≥65 years seen in 52 Spanish EDs selected by chance during 7 consecutive days (30/3/2020 to 5/4/2020). Demographic, clinical, functional, mental and social variables were analyzed. Dependence was categorized with the Barthel index (BI) as independent (BI=100), mild-moderate dependence (100>BI>60) and severe-total dependence (BI<60), and their crude and adjusted association was evaluated with mortality at 30, 180 and 365 days using COX proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Of 9,770 enrolled patients with a mean age of 79 years, 51% were men, 6,305 (64.53%) were independent, 2,340 (24%) had mild-moderate dependence, and 1,125 (11.5%) severe-total dependence. The number of deaths at 30 days in these three groups was 500 (7.9%), 521 (22.3%) and 378 (33.6%), respectively; at 180 days it was 757 (12%), 725 (30.9%) and 526 (46.8%); and at 365 days 954 (15.1%), 891 (38.1%) and 611 (54.3%). In relation to independent patients, the adjusted risks (hazard ratio) of dying within 30 days associated with mild-moderate and severe-total dependency were 1.91 (95% CI: 1.66-2.19) and 2.51. (2.11-2.98); at 180 days they were 1.88 (1.68-2.11) and 2.64 (2.28-3.05); and at 365 days they were 1.82 (1.64-2.02) and 2.47 (2.17-2.82). This negative impact of dependency on mortality was greater in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 (p interaction at 30, 180 and 365 days of 0.36, 0.05 and 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The functional dependence of older patients who attend Spanish EDs during the first wave of the pandemic is associated with mortality at 30, 180 and 365 days, and this risk is significantly higher in patients treated for COVID-19.

OBJETIVO: La valoración funcional forma parte de la valoración geriátrica. No se conoce bien cómo se realiza en los servicios de Urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) y menos aún su valor pronóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar si la dependencia funcional basal para realizar las actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) era un factor pronóstico independiente de muerte tras la visita índice al SUH durante la primera ola pandémica de la COVID-19 y si tuvo un impacto diferente en pacientes con y sin diagnóstico de COVID-19. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de la cohorte EDEN-Covid (Emergency Department and Elder Needs during COVID) formada por todos los pacientes de edad mayor o igual a 65 años atendidos en 52 SUH españoles, seleccionados por oportunidad durante siete días consecutivos (del 30 de marzo al 5 de abril de 2020). Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, funcionales, mentales y sociales. La dependencia se categorizó con el índice de Barthel (IB) en independiente (IB=100), dependencia leve-moderada (100>IB>60) y dependencia grave-total (IB<60), y se evaluó su asociación cruda y ajustada con la mortalidad a 30, 180 y 365 días mediante modelos de riesgos proporcionales de COX. RESULTADOS: De 9.770 pacientes incluidos con una media de edad de 79 años, un 51% eran hombres, 6.305 (64,53%) eran independientes, 2.340 (24%) tenían dependencia leve-moderada y 1.125 (11,5%) dependencia grave-total. El número de fallecidos a 30 días en estos tres grupos fue 500 (7,9%), 521 (22,3%) y 378 (33,6%), respectivamente; a 180 días fue 757 (12%), 725 (30,9%) y 526 (46,8%); y a 365 días 954 (15,1%), 891 (38,1%) y 611 (54,3%). En relación a los pacientes independientes, los riesgos (hazard ratio) ajustados de fallecer a 30 días, asociados a dependencia leve-moderada y grave-total, fueron 1,91 (IC 95%: 1,66-2,19) y 2,51 (2,11-2,98); a 180 días fueron de 1,88 (1,68-2,11) y 2,64 (2,28-3,05); y a 365 días fueron 1,82 (1,64-2,02) y 2,47 (2,17-2,82). Este impacto negativo de la dependencia sobre la mortalidad fue mayor en pacientes diagnosticados de COVID-19 que en los no COVID-19 (p interacción a 30, 180 y 365 días de 0,36, 0,05 y 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: La dependencia funcional de los pacientes mayores que acuden a SUH españoles durante la primera ola pandémica se asocia a mortalidad a 30, 180 y 365 días, y este riesgo es significativamente mayor en los pacientes atendidos por COVID-19.

Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors in Older Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of malnutrition in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and investigate associated risk factors. METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included participants aged ≥65 years who met the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and based on variables, such as albumin level, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and vitamin D. Data were also collected on epidemiological variables, inflammatory disease activity, quality of life, physical function, and frailty. Multivariate models were used to study factors associated with nutritional status. RESULTS: The study population comprised 76 RA patients aged ≥65 years, of whom 68.4% had a normal nutritional status, and 31.5% had an impaired nutritional status: 28.9% were at risk of malnutrition, and 2.6% were malnourished. Additionally, 10% had albumin levels <3.8 g/L. Patients with impaired nutritional status had poorer quality of life and physical function. The factors associated with compromised nutritional status (OR [95% CI]) were age (1.0 [1.0-1.1]; p = 0.035), DAS28-ESR (1.8 [1.0-3.2]; p = 0.024), and EuroQoL-5D-5L (0.9 [0.9-0.9]; p = 0.040). Furthermore, the GNRI was associated with the MNA score (0.06 [0.0-0.1]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of older patients with RA have impaired nutritional status. Older age, higher inflammatory disease activity, and decreased quality of life are associated with impaired nutritional status. The MNA and GNRI are valuable tools for assessing the nutritional status of patients with RA.

Sarcopenia and Nutrition in Elderly Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine Prevalence and Risk Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients aged ≥65 years and identify the risk factors associated with sarcopenia. METHODS: This is a multicenter, controlled, cross-sectional study of 76 RA patients and 76 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Sarcopenia was defined according to the revised criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. Binary regression was used to assess the relationship between sarcopenia and sex, age, duration of RA, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score in patients with RA. RESULTS: Nearly 80% of participants were female, and the average age was >70 years. Patients with RA had lower muscle mass and greater adiposity (fat-to-muscle ratio mean [SD] 0.9 [0.2] vs. 0.8 [0.2]; p = 0.017) than controls, mainly in the central area (android/gynoid ratio, median [p25-p75]: 1.0 [0.9-1.2] vs. 0.9 [0.8-1.1]; p < 0.001). Twelve patients (15.8%) and three controls (3.9%) had confirmed sarcopenia (p = 0.014). Sarcopenic obesity was observed in 8/76 patients with RA (10.5%) and in 1/76 controls (1.3%) (p = 0.016). The factors associated with sarcopenia were male sex (OR [95% CI]: 9.3 [1.1-80.4]; p = 0.042), disease duration (OR [95% CI]: 1.1 [1.0-1.2]; p = 0.012), and nutritional status according to the MNA (OR [95% CI]: 0.7 [0.5-0.9]; p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that patients with RA aged ≥65 years may be at increased risk for sarcopenia, adiposity, and malnutrition (especially male patients with long-standing disease) and have poor nutritional status.

Nursing Recommendations in the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Delphi Consensus.

Introduction: Nurses' role in the management of people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is essential. Specific guidelines for nurses have not been previously developed in Spain. This project aimed to try to develop comprehensive and validated recommendations for nurses regarding the management of people with SLE. Method: A Delphi questionnaire with 90 general and specific recommendations was designed by the scientific committee and underwent two rounds of participation. Results: Panellists reached a consensus on "agreement" for 85 recommendations during the first round and for 87 recommendations after the second and final rounds. Panellists agreed that people with SLE should be managed within a multidisciplinary team, and that this team should include specialized nurses. Panellists stated that most of the services lack specialized nurses. Experts identified lack of specific training programs targeted to nurses as the main barrier for application of recommendations. Panellists recommended an extended role for nurses in the management of people with SLE, including diagnosis, patient education, treatment monitoring and administration, and follow-up. Conclusions: This study is the first consensus that provides nursing recommendations from experts on the management of people with SLE in Europe. Design of standardized training programs targeted to nurses would facilitate the application of the recommendations.

Propuesta de actualización del Health Assessment Questionnaire / Proposal for updating the Health Assessment Questionnaire

Objetivo: Proponer una modificación consensuada del Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) según los valores, idioma y cultura predominantes en la sociedad española actual. Métodos: En primer lugar, se realizó una revisión de alcance de la literatura y una encuesta a usuarios del HAQ para identificar las limitaciones de este cuestionario. En una segunda fase se celebró una reunión con profesionales expertos para discutir los resultados y diseñar propuestas de modificación. Resultados: La revisión de alcance permitió describir las principales versiones del HAQ, así como sus propiedades psicométricas. En la encuesta a usuarios del HAQ se valoraron el grado de comprensión, la utilidad, la actualidad y la universalidad de cada uno de los ítems y se admitieron sugerencias y opiniones sobre sus principales inconvenientes. Durante la reunión de discusión se propusieron modificaciones de los ítems en función de los resultados de la revisión de alcance y de la encuesta a usuarios. Además, se tuvieron en cuenta la dificultad de comprensión de los ítems, su dificultad para evaluar los movimientos previstos, el carácter redundante, su obsolescencia y el posible sesgo de género. Conclusiones: Se propone una actualización de la versión española del HAQ en base a la revisión de la literatura y a la opinión de expertos que pone de manifiesto el cambio de paradigma en los valores culturales y que pretende aumentar la validez de contenido y capacidad de discriminación de este cuestionario.(AU)

Objective: To propose a consensus modification of the HAQ according to the predominant values, language, and culture of the society. Methods: First, a scoping review of the literature and a survey of HAQ users were conducted to identify the problems of this questionnaire. In a second phase, a meeting was held with expert professionals to discuss the results and design proposals for modification. Results: The scoping review allowed us to describe the main versions of the HAQ, as well as their psychometric properties. The HAQ users survey assessed the degree of comprehension, usefulness, timeliness, and universality of each of the items, and suggestions and opinions on its main limitations were accepted. During the discussion meeting, modifications to the items were proposed based on the results of the scoping review and the users survey. In addition, the difficulty of understanding the items, their difficulty in assessing intended movements, redundancy, obsolescence, and possible gender bias were taken into account. Conclusions. An update of the Spanish version of the HAQ is proposed based on the literature review and expert opinion that highlights the paradigm shift in cultural values and aims to increase the content validity and discrimination capacity of this questionnaire.(AU)

Dermoscopy of haemosiderotic/aneurysmal dermatofibroma: A morphological study of 110 cases.

BACKGROUND: Haemosiderotic and aneurysmal dermatofibromas are uncommon and frequently misdiagnosed lesions, which can be considered as different histopathological stages of the same tumour. A dermoscopic diagnosis testing accuracy has not been performed for these tumours to date. OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic significance of dermoscopic structures and patterns associated with haemosiderotic/ aneurysmal dermatofibromas in a large series. METHODS: Dermoscopic images of histopathologically proven cases of 110 haemosiderotic/ aneurysmal dermatofibromas and 501 other tumours were collected. The frequency, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the dermoscopic structures and patterns associated with these lesions were calculated. RESULTS: Haemosiderotic/ aneurysmal dermatofibromas are mostly symmetric lesions (86.5%), and a prominent homogeneous area was present in 100% of them. The presence of vascular structures was very common (86.4%), and dotted vessels were predominant (58.2%). Shiny white structures were seen in 85.5% of lesions, while a peripheral delicate pigment network was present in 69.1%. The most significant pattern was the one composed of a prominent homogeneous area and peripheral delicate pigment network, which showed a specificity of 100% with a relatively good sensitivity (69.1%). All the patterns containing a peripheral delicate pigment network showed very good specificities, positive predictive values and negative predictive values. Those patterns without a peripheral delicate pigment network showed the highest sensitivities, but they showed a significant overlap with other tumours, mainly with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: Dermoscopy is helpful in improving the diagnostic accuracy of haemosiderotic/ aneurysmal dermatofibromas. However, there is a considerable dermoscopic overlap between these tumours and melanoma, specifically when the peripheral delicate pigment network is absent.

Proposal for updating the Health Assessment Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a consensus modification of the HAQ according to the predominant values, language, and culture of the society. METHODS: First, a scoping review of the literature and a survey of HAQ users were conducted to identify the problems of this questionnaire. In a second phase, a meeting was held with expert professionals to discuss the results and design proposals for modification. RESULTS: The scoping review allowed us to describe the main versions of the HAQ, as well as their psychometric properties. The HAQ users survey assessed the degree of comprehension, usefulness, timeliness, and universality of each of the items, and suggestions and opinions on its main limitations were accepted. During the discussion meeting, modifications to the items were proposed based on the results of the scoping review and the users survey. In addition, the difficulty of understanding the items, their difficulty in assessing intended movements, redundancy, obsolescence, and possible gender bias were taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: An update of the Spanish version of the HAQ is proposed based on the literature review and expert opinion that highlights the paradigm shift in cultural values and aims to increase the content validity and discrimination capacity of this questionnaire.

Monitoring tert-Butylhydroquinone Content and Its Effect on a Biolubricant during Oxidation.

The use of biolubricants as a replacement for petroleum-based products is becoming more and more important, due to the current global energy and crude oil scenario. Thus, the production of biolubricants (which could take place in biorefineries) should be as efficient as possible, obtaining high-quality products with suitable viscosity or oxidation stability values to compete with oil refineries. One of the ways to produce biolubricants is through double transesterification from vegetable oils, where the role of catalysts (usually homogeneous) is vital, as they can improve the yield of the process. However, they should be removed after the chemical reaction, which is difficult once the biolubricant is obtained. Otherwise, they could act as catalysts during oxidation, contributing to a further decrease in oxidation stability and provoking significant changes. To avoid this, antioxidant addition could be an interesting choice. The aim of this work was to assess TBHQ addition in frying oil biolubricants, monitoring properties such as viscosity, acid number, absorbance or TBHQ content (through voltammetry) during oxidation. TBHQ addition (2114 mg·L-1) kept the main quality parameters during oxidation compared to control samples. In contrast, TBHQ content decreased during oxidation (to 160 mg·L-1), which proved its antioxidant effect.

Safety and efficacy in the nursing care of people with rheumatic diseases on janus kinase inhibitor therapy.

Nurses's support of patients needs an evidence base as much as that of specialists management. However, some more practical aspects need specific questions that are not addressed in medical societies' recommendations. Our objective was to investigate the effect of Janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) on efficacy, safety, infections, cardiovascular risk, vaccination, pregnancy and lactation, interactions, surgery, and switch in adult patients with rheumatic diseases. We used the methodology for rapid reviews. Medline was searched for systematic reviews of randomised clinical trials and longitudinal observational studies reporting on the target aspects, without limits, yielding 540 titles, of which 70 articles were selected for detailed reading after the screening of title and abstract. In the case of no systematic review being published on a specific question, we resorted to the information provided by primary studies. The efficacy and safety profiles are similar to that of TNF-inhibitors to which they are compared in most studies; however, there is an increased risk of herpes zoster infections with jakinibs. The evidence on pregnancy, surgery and switches between jakinibs is very limited, although, so far, there are no major issues to inform patients about or to implement specific measures. In general, evidence to support nursing management in patients being treated with jakinibs is of moderate quality and scarce, ought to the recent incursion of jakinibs as a treatment.

Comparación entre cinco técnicas de PCR para el diagnóstico del SARS-CoV-2 / Comparison between five PCR techniques for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2

Introducción. Desde que aparecieron los primeros casosde SARS-CoV-2 son numerosas las técnicas que se han desarrollado para el diagnóstico o seguimiento de la infección,tanto técnicas directas como serológicas. La elección de unabuena herramienta diagnóstica es fundamental para el controlepidemiológico. El objetivo ha sido comparar cinco técnicascomercializadas de RT-PCR a tiempo real, en sensibilidad, especificidad y concordancia para la detección del SARS-CoV-2.Material y métodos. Se compararon cinco kits comerciales de RT-PCR para la detección del SARS-CoV-2. Se tomaronocho muestras positivas conocidas que se sometieron a sietediluciones o concentraciones diferentes y otras 135 muestrasnegativas para determinar valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y concordancia.Resultados. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivopositivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) para las técnicas de Palex, Roche y GeneXpert respecto a Seegene fueronidénticas, correspondientes a 98,21%, 100%, 100% y 99,26%respectivamente. Para Becton Dickinson la sensibilidad fue del89,28%, la especificidad del 100%, el VPP del 100% y el VPNdel 95,74%. La concordancia mediante el índice Kappa paraPalex, Roche y GeneXpert fue del 0,9892, mientras que la concordancia para Becton Dickinson fue con un índice Kappa de0,9215.Conclusión. Todos los kits de RT-PCR comerciales presentaron elevadas sensibilidades y especificidades, así como VPP,VPN y concordancia. (AU)

Introduction. Since the first cases of SARS-CoV-2appeared, there have been numerous techniques that havebeen developed for the diagnosis or monitoring of infection, both direct and serological techniques. Choosing agood diagnostic tool is essential for epidemiological control. The objective was to compare five commercializedRT-PCR techniques in real time, in sensitivity, specificityand agreement for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.Material and methods. Five commercial RT-PCR kitsfor the detection of SARS-CoV-2 were compared. Eightknown positive samples were taken and subjected to seven different dilutions or concentrations, and another 135negative samples were used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and agreement values.Results. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictivevalue (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for thePalex, Roche and GeneXpert techniques with respect toSeegene were identical, corresponding to 98.21%, 100%,100% and 99.26% respectively. For Becton Dickinson thesensitivity was 89.28%, the specificity of 100%, the PPVof 100% and the NPV of 95.74%. The agreement using theKappa index for Palex, Roche and GeneXpert was 0.9892,while the agreement for Becton Dickinson was with aKappa index of 0.9215.Conclusion. All commercial RT-PCR kits had highsensitivities and specificities, as well as PPV, NPV, andconcordance. (AU)

An analysis of the competitiveness of the tourism industry in a context of economic recovery following the COVID19 pandemic.

Business activities within the tourism industry are especially suffering from the consequences of the COVID19 pandemic. Those countries whose economy depends largely on tourism will experience a troublesome situation for years to come. Their return to a normal situation will be conditioned by the competitiveness of their tourism sector. The study begins by pinpointing the countries that have been more hardly stricken by the pandemic and in which tourism accounts for a greater share of the GDP. A comparative analysis of the competitiveness of these countries with that of world-leading countries will be carried out so as to conclude which will face the recovery period in a more vulnerable situation. The measurement of tourism competitiveness will be supported by the creation of a synthetic indicator based on the P2 distance method. A group of 13 countries has been identified as the most vulnerable, and it is advisable to act urgently in the following areas: the promotion of cultural elements and the historical and artistic heritage, the protection of natural areas, the availability of information and communication technologies, the international openness of the destination, and the availability of transportation infrastructures and tourist services.

The Usefulness of Dermoscopy for the Recognition of Malignant Collision Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative diagnosis of malignant collision tumors (MCT) is extremely difficult. The value of dermoscopy to improve the correct detection of these tumors has not been previously studied. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MCT with and without dermoscopy and to describe the dermoscopic features of a large series of MCT. METHODS: Dermoscopic images of 161 MCT were evaluated. Clinical and dermoscopic images of histopathologically proven MCT intermingled with other tumors were randomly presented to clinicians with different levels of experience, blinded to the diagnosis and objective of the study. The clinical and dermoscopic diagnostic accuracies were measured separately. RESULTS: A total of 161 histopathologically proven cases of MCT were collected. The most frequent MCT was basal cell carcinoma-seborrheic keratosis collision tumor (CT; 37.9%), followed by basal cell carcinoma-melanocytic nevus CT (19.9%), and melanoma-seborrheic keratosis CT (6.8%). Diagnostic accuracy among experts on dermoscopy was 71.4%. The study included 119 participants. The percentage of correct diagnoses was 8% by naked eye examination and 36.4% by dermoscopy (p < 0.001). The presence of the malignant component in the cases of MCT was not recognizable in 19.1% of cases by naked eye examination and in 11.8% of cases by dermoscopy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of MCT can be assisted and clarified by dermoscopy. However, many of these lesions manifest complex morphologies and continue to be challenging, even for experts on dermoscopy. Atypical, uncertain, or non-classifiable lesions still need a complete excision for the final diagnosis.

Infarto humeral diafisario en paciente con anemia falciforme / Diaphyseal humeral infarction in a patient with sickle cell anemia

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